Effects of Hand Massage on Depression, Self-esteem and Vitality of the Elderly Patients in Convalescent Hospital / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hand massage on depression, self-esteem and vitality in elderly patients in convalescent hospitals. METHODS: This study employed a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 24 elderly patients in the experimental group and 25 in a control group in a convalescent hospital located in G city. Data were collected using a questionnaire that relied on the geriatric depression scale (short form) by Sheikh and Yesavage; the self-esteem scale by Rosenberg; and the vitality scale used by Johnson and revised by Oh. The experimental group were treated with a general hand massage using only carrier oil on both hands for 10 minutes a day for seven days. The control group was given no treatment. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, χ2-test, and Fisher's exact test with SPSS Win Version 18.0. RESULTS: The results are as follows: The experimental group showed a significant improvement in depression, self-esteem and vitality than the control group. CONCLUSION: The results showed that hand massage was an effective intervention program for depression, self-esteem and vitality of elderly patients in convalescent hospitals.

Medication Status and the Effects of a Medication Management Education Program for the Elderly in a Community

PURPOSE: This study investigated medication status by examining the effects of a medication management education program on the knowledge of medications and medication misuse behaviors in the elderly in a local community. METHODS: This study used a non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design. For the study, 116 subjects were assigned to the control group and another 116 subjects were assigned to the experimental group. The medication management education program consisted of 1:1 education, practice in medication management, consultation, and discussion. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 program. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups in terms of their knowledge of medications and medication misuse behaviors. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the medical management education program is effective in improving the knowledge of medications and decreasing medication misuse behaviors. Therefore, this education program can be used as an intervention to improve the medication behaviors of the elderly in local communities.

The Effects of Exercise in the Frail Elderly

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the effects of exercise on physiological, physical and psychological functions of the frail elderly. METHODS: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Data were collected from September 9 to October 10, 2009. The subjects were 56 frail elders who agreed to participate in this study and each subject was randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=28) or the control group (n=28). The exercise program was provided to each subject in the experimental group twice in a week for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed with frequency, chi2-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnor test and independent t-test using SPSS/WIN 12.0. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in psychological functions in the experimental group compared to the control group (t=1.726, p=.045). CONCLUSION: The exercise program showed the effects to improve the psychological functions of the frail elderly with chronic disease. In recommendation, this exercise program could be utilized as a health promoting program for the frail elderly.

The Effect of Back Massage on Degree of Pain, State Anxiety and Quality of Sleep of Postoperative Patients with Gastrectomy

PURPOSE: Most of postoperative patients experience pain, state anxiety and sleep disturbance. These problems negatively influence the recovery of postoperative patients. So alleviating these problems has been one of the nurses' central roles. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of back massage on pain, state anxiety and quality of sleep of postoperative gastrectomy patients. METHODS: A non-synchronized non-equivalent control group pre and post-test design was used. The research instruments used in this study were the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, the State-Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for anxiety and the Verran and Synder-Halpern scale for quality of sleep. The subjects were patients admitted to a university hospital located in D city. Twenty-nine patients in the experimental group had a 10 min manual back massage stimulation for 5 days from the 1st day to the 5th day after their operation, and 25 patients in the control group did not. RESULTS: The degree of pain was significantly reduced according to post operation day and quality of sleep was significantly increased. However state anxiety was not significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: Back massage is a partially effective nursing intervention for postoperative patients with gastrectomy who experience pain and sleep disturbance.

Effects of Aroma Inhalation Therapy on Pain in Patients Following a Tonsillectomy / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effects of aroma inhalation therapy on pain post tonsillectomy. METHOD: A non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test design was used. The research instruments used in this study were a pain perception measurement and vital signs (systolic & diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate levels). Twenty-five patients in the experimental group went through aroma inhalation therapy for ten minutes after the tonsillectomy. The aroma inhalation therapy used was a blended oil, a mixture of Lavender and Loman chamomile in the ratio of 2:1. The 25 patients in the control group did not receive the therapy. Before and after the experiment, both groups were tested for pain (pain perception and vital signs). Collected data were processed with the SPSS WIN. Ver. 14.0 program and analyzed using frequencies, percentages, chi2-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test and ANCOVA. RESULTS: Pain perception of patients was not significantly reduced. However systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that aroma inhalation is a partially effective nursing intervention to reduce the post-operative tonsillectomy pain.

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Self-Esteem and Vitality of the Elderly Women / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to verify the effects of foot reflexology on the self-esteem and vitality of elders. METHOD: A non- equivalent control group pre- and post-test design was used. Research instruments to measure self-esteem and vitality were used in this study. The participants were elderly women hospitalized in a hospital in Okcheon County, Chungbuk Province, Korea. The 18 patients in the experimental group performed 40 minutes of foot reflexology per time for a total of 12 times over two weeks, and the 18 patients in the control group received regular care only. Before and after the experiment, both groups were tested for self-esteem and vitality. Frequencies, percentages, chi-square-test, t-test and Mann-Whitney U test with the SPSS/WIN 10.0 program were used to analyze the collected data. RESULTS: Vitality of the elderly women patients improved significantly in the experimental group. However self-esteem did not increase significantly. CONCLUSION: Foot reflexology is effective as a nursing intervention in improving the health of elders.

The Effect of Tai Chi Movement in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to verify the effect of Tai Chi exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis particularly their level of pain, fatigue, sense of balance and daily life performance (ADL). METHOD: It employed a non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test design. The research instruments used in this study were pain, fatigue, sense of balance and ADL. Thirty-two patients in the experimental group carried out 50 minutes of Tai Chi exercise for 12 weeks, and 29 patients in the control group did not. Before and after the experiment, both groups were tested for pain, fatigue, sense of balance and ADL. Collected data were processed using the SPSS/WIN 10.0 program analyzed by the frequency, percentage, X2-test, and t-test. RESULTS: Pain and fatigue significantly decreased in the experimental group. However the improvement in ADL of the rheumatoid arthritis patients was not statistically significant but their sense of balance was enhanced significantly. CONCLUSION: Tai Chi exercise is an effective nursing intervention that can be used for rheumatoid arthritis patients.

The Effects of Exercise Program for the Elderly

No abstract available.

Analysis of Researches on Nursing Intervention for Elderly Health Promotion from 1994 to 2004

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyse researches on nursing intervention for elderly health promotion. METHOD: A literature review of 38 researches was carried out using guidelines developed by the present researchers. RESULT: The research papers studied in this research were theses written for doctoral or master's degree and published between 1994 to 2004. These researches applied nursing intervention for health promotion of elders and used experimental study design. The average period of nursing intervention was about 9 weeks and the average frequency was three times per week. As for major characteristics of subject groups, most of them were over 65 years old (76.3%) and resided in community (65.8%), and each group consisted of 10 to 29 elders. The dependent variables used in these studies included physiological variables (blood pressure, blood cholesterol level, pulmonary function, fasting blood sugar, blood cortisol level, body mass etc.), psychologic variables (depression, quality of life, life satisfaction, loneliness, anxiety etc.), cognitive variables (perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, self-concept, subjective health status etc.), activities of daily livings, health promotion behavior, pain, risks of fall, and variables related to Trans Theoretical Model. The majority of these studies (78.9%) applied exercise programs for health promotion including exercise motivating programs (15.8%). CONCLUSION: We suggest that more various nursing interventions must be applied to promote elders' health and to take care of their chronic diseases.

Distribution of trkA in cerebral cortex and diencephalon of the mongolian gerbil after birth

TrkA is essential components of the high-affinity NGF receptor necessary to mediate biological effects of the neurotrophins NGF. Here we report on the expression of trkA in the cerebral cortex and diencephalon of mongolian gerbils during postnatal development. The expression of trkA was identified by immunohistochemical method. In parietal cortex and piriform cortex, higher levels of trkA-IR (immunoreactivity) were detected at 3 days postnatal (P3) and at P9. Although trkA was not expressed till P3 in the parietal cortex, it was detectable at birth in the piriform cortex. Several regions, such as Layers I, IV & VI, did not show much expression. Layer I showed especially weak labeling. In the hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus, higher levels of trkA-IR were detected at P6 and P12 than earlier days. But trkA was not expressed at birth in the hippocampus, at P3 in the reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt), or neonatally in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DM). This data shows that expression of trkA is developmentally regulated and suggests that high affinity neurotrophin-receptors mediate a transient response to neurotrophines in the cerebral cortex and diencephalon during mongolian gerbil brain ontogeny.

Immunohistochemical Localization of Nerve Growth Factor, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor in Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon, and Spinal Cord of Developing Mongolian Gerbil

The distribution of the nerve growth factor (NGF), the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the ciliary neurotrohic factor (CNTF) was performed in coronal sections of the mesencephalon, rhombencephalon and spinal cord in the developing Mongolian gerbils. Generally, NGF specifically recognizes neurons with the NGF receptor, whereas GFAP does the glia, and CNTF does the motor neurons. The receptor expression was examined separately in gerbils between embryonic days 15 (E15) and postnatal weeks 3 (PNW 3). The NGF-IR was first observed in the spinal cord at E21, which might be related to the maturation. The GFAP reactivity was peaked at the postnatal days 2 (PND2), while the highest CNTF-reaction was expressed at PNW 2. The GFAP stains were observed in the aqueduct and the spinal cord, which appeared to project laterally at E19. The CNTF was observed only after the birth and found in both the neurons and neuroglia of the substantia nigra, mesencephalon, cerebellum and the spinal cord from PND1 to PNW3. These results suggest that NGF, GFAP and CNTF are important for the development of the neurons and the neuroglia in the central nervous system at the late prenatal and postnatal stages.

A Study for a Curriculum for the Oriental Clinical Nurse Specialist Program / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to develop a curriculum for the oriental clinical nurse specialist program based on the understanding of Korean human beings so as to develop nursing as a profession and promote the client's health. The design of this study was based on literature review and nominal group study. The research was managed by East-West Nursing Research Institute of nursing science college at Kyung Hee University. The research team was composed of 17 professors of nursing departments of oriental medical colleges. We obtained opinions from Oriental Nurses Association, Oriental Nursing Research Association, and professors in oriental medical college. We reviewed articles, curriculums of other clinical nurse specialist programs, medical laws and the curriculum development plan for the oriental clinical nurse specialist program from Korean Nurses Association. We discussed a curriculum thoroughly in numerous meetings. We developed a following curriculum: 1. Educational philosophy was founded on the oriental human view which was based on Chun-In union theory. It was founded on the oriental health view which recognized health being in harmony with nature and the balance of body function with the harmony of Yin-Yang in the five elements. In addition, it was founded on oriental nursing view to promote these health states. 2. Educational goals were to train oriental clinical nurse specialists, oriental nursing educators and oriental nursing researchers who developed knowledge of oriental nursing theory, nursing practice and created a leadership. 3. Curriculum consisted of 48 credits, of which 36 credits are based on lectures and laboratory classes and 12 credits are based on clinical practice. 36 credits consisted of 5 general subject credits and 31 core subject credits. General subjects consisted of nursing theory, nursing research, law and ethics. Students who had earned master's degrees are not required to take the general subjects. Core subjects consisted of 11 subjects such as advanced physical examination and laboratory, oriental nursing theory, original text of oriental nursing, oriental medical nursing, oriental pediatric nursing, oriental gynecologic nursing, oriental gerontologic nursing, oriental pharmacology, oriental constitutional nursing, advanced nursing of channels and acupuncture points and laboratory and oriental rehabilitation nursing and laboratory. In addition, clinical practice in a hospital ward, out patient department, herb prepation room, department of physical therapy and health promotion center in oriental medical hospitals for 12 weeks. To admit this program, students should complete prerequisites of introduction to oriental nursing and nursing of channels and acupuncture points. 4. Course contents of each subjects were developed to include the course's goal and objectives and specific items. 5. Evaluation involved lecture, laboratory and in field practice. We applied various evaluation systems and methods that were based on both knowledge and skills of the students to ensure full credibility and validity.

A Study on the Patterns of Alternative Therapy Experienced by the Aged / 간호학회지

This study looks at the various alternative therapy methods used in day to day life by elderly, over 60 years of age. The elderly have come to know and practice these methods for the following reasons : it is good for the health ; it is the method used in the olden days when there wesn't modern medicine ; it has been passed down from generations ; it can be done at home without having the need to go to the hospital ; acupuncture or poulticing can be used ; it can be done at home, which was an important factor in rural areas where hospitals are few and far between ; and [herbal] medicine could be prepared at home at no cast ; it derives from experience ; it is impossible to ignore tradition passed down through the generations. Diet control and plants(herbs) are methods most often used, as they are easy to find and can be readily used in critical situations. Other methods include oriental medicine practices of moxibustion with moxa cone, negative therapy, hand and finger acupunture, finger press method, ordinary acupunture, finger press method, ordinary acupunture, manual healing methods of massage, diaphoretic therapy and meditation to reach a state of calm, and qigong dirigation. The reasons for its use are as follows : it has been used before ; it is effective ; there is some improvement after the treatment ; it is not harmful to the body ; medicine cannot be obtained and it is the only thing available ; it is not good for an old person to go to the hospital everyday, the symptoms are not serious enough to go to a hospital ; and acupuncture is for these things. The means that the elderly have come to practice these methods are ; it has been used since the past ; it has been told by the elders ; they have been told by friends ; it was part of their knowledge ; and they have come to know by watching their mother. Further, to regain vitality lost through old age, the elderly have relied on hot soup, a hearty meal, brewed honey water, pumpkin, or ginseng. Humans, by instinct, would rub or massage the areas that caused pain. These actions, combined with a breathing technique have been recognized in Tong-Eui-Bo-Gam(the essential of eastern medicine), the complete work of early modern medicine, are a useful means to revive chi. This knowledge is thought to have greatly affected our healthy lifestyle. Furthermore, though the demand for medical services would increase with age, the elderly have not always been able to tend to their needs at the hospital for reasons economic or other. Hence, these alternative therapy methods seem to have been practiced as a temporary means of relief. The excellence of our traditional therapeutic custom has not received full recognition due to the argument relating to its scientific merits. As a result, it has become vital to prove their effectiveness through scientific and other experimental means. The potency of moxibustion with moxa cone and hand and finger acupunture have been proven scientifically, but diet and herbal methods appear to be practiced as a result of customs passed down from generations. In addition, it is submitted that the effectiveness of the traditional methods of disease control and our heathy lifestyle that are easily found in the nursing field must be verified.

A Study on the Powerlessness, Self-Esteem, and Family Support of Elderly Home Residents / 성인간호학회지

This study was designed and undertaken to find out the degree of powerlessness, self-esteem and family support of elderly home residents and to determine the relationship between powerlessness, self-esteem and family support. The data were collected from October 1st to 20th, 1998. The subjects in this study were 271 elderly home residents over the age 60 living in Taejon city. The study tool for measuring powerlessness was developed by S.E.Chung(1998), the other for measuring self-esteem, was a self-esteem scale developed by Rosenberg, and the tool for measuring family support was developed by Choi(1983), Cobb(1976) and Kang(1984). Data were analysed for percentage, mean, t-test, ANOVA and Peason-correlation coefficients using the SPSS program. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The degree of powerlessness, self-esteem and family support was scored avove the median. 2. The relationship between powerlessness and self-esteem revealed a no significant inverse correlation, but powerlessness and family support, showed a significant inverse correlation, and self-esteem and family support, registered a very statistically significant correlation. 3. The general characteristics showing the differences of the elderly' powerlessness were sex, one' s health of state compared to other elderly' and living expense load. These yielded statistically very significant results. 4. The general characteristics showing the differences of the elderly' self-esteem were sex, state of ownership of a house, age, religion, one's health of state compared to other elderly'. Among these, sex and state of ownership of a house revealed statistically very significant differences, also age, religion and one's health of state produced statistically significant differences. 5. The general characteristics showing the differences of the elderly' family support were sex, state of ownership of a house, having some diagnosed diseases or not and one's health of state compared to other elderly' health. These also showed statistically significant differences. In conclusion, the factors influencing the elderly' powerlessness, self-esteem and family support generally were age, sex, their economic independence and health of state(which included especially having a diagnosed disease). Also, the family support was needed to reduce their powerlessness and to have their self-esteem highly.

A Study on the Influence of Aerobic Dancing on Women's Body Image and Self-Concept / 기본간호학회지

This study was designed and undertaken to find out the influence of aerobic dancing on women's body image and self-concept, and to determine that body image is directly related to their self-concept. The data were collected from August 1st to September 30th, 1993. The subjects in this study were 150 women registered at aerobic center in Taejon city over for 4weeks(aerobic dancing group) and 132 women who visited at 3 beauty shop located in Taejon city and did not participate in any sports program over for 4 weeks(general group). Data were analysed for mean, X2-test, T-test, ANOVA and Pearson-correlation coefficients using the SPSS program. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. Hypothesis I : "There will be a difference in body image between aerobic dancing group and general group", was rejected(t=1.46, p>0.05). 2. Hypothesis II : "There will be a difference in self-concept between aerobic dancing group and general group", was supported(t=2.38, p<0.05). 3. Hypothesis III : "The more positive body image will be, the higher self-concept will be", was supported(r=0.3393, p<0.01). 4. In the relationships between the body image and the general characteristics of the subjects, occupation(aerobic dancing group and total group), religion(general group), and marriage status(total group) were statistically significant results. 5. In the relationships between the self-concept and the general characteristics of the subjects, the relationship between evaluational self-concept and occupation was statistically significant result in the total group, between the cognitive self-concept and occupation was in the general group and total group, and between evaluational self-concept and education was in the aerobic dancing group.